Computers are becoming an inevitable part of our lives. Personal computers are becoming a source of information and entertainment.

When upgrading the system, most computer users do some research before upgrading their system so they know exactly about a perfectly matching CPU, motherboard and video card combination that will meet all their needs. But most of them fail when it comes to RAM. Everyone is aware of the size of the RAM ie 1GB, 2GB or 4GB, but they nâ ™ € t know what this DDR1, DDR2 or DDR3 is all. So is knowing the DDR variant is useful or just another name for a RAM. Selecting the proper DDR variant is a factor very important determinant of how your whole system will occur, and any computer user should be well advised to learn.

DDR means Double Data Rate. Letâ € ™ s look at the difference between DDR1, DDR2 and DDR3.

DDR1 is more popularly known as just plain DDR. Double Data Rate interfaces provides two data transfers per clock cycle Differential. The data recorded when it becomes the CK goes high [the + side], and / CK goes low [the - side]. DDR1 utilizes the JEDEC standard for Double Date Rate [DDR I] SDRAM. Like all RAM DDR is available as a registered or unbuffered. Registered DIMMs are generally known as FB-DIMMs and have their address and control lines buffered to reduce the load signal. FB-DIMMs are much more expensive than un-buffered DIMMs and are generally reserved for server use. There are very few takers / Semi-professional / players using FB-DIMMs in their CPUA € ™ s. Un-buffered DIMM nâ € ™ t address lines in Europe and the LoC a buffer zone if they cost less. However, they may be the loading system are limited and generally limited in number which can be mounted on a single system.

DDR2 is the second generation in DDR memory. DDR2 starts with a level of speed 400 MHz as the lowest while the speed to 400 MHz is in fact the highest speed for DDR1. Itâ € ™ s a bit strange but because of different latencies, DDR1 400MHz a better than DDR2 400MHz, but the yield advantage of DDR2 when the speed reaches the next stage 532MHz, DDR1, which can reach.

DDR3 is the third generation in DDR memory. DDR3 starts with a lower level of capacity is up to 800Mbps and 1600Mbps with a bus speed higher than the yield higher 2000MHz. lower consumption of energy is the main advantage, since the operating voltage is only 1.5 V for DDR3 as compared to 1.8 V for DDR2. lower heat is generated, which means that systems will be less heat.

Rates Transfer of these differ as much RAM. Although it is very difficult to determine Kingston DDR RAM that would fit the motherboard, you should research your CPU Manufacturera € ™ s recommendations and RAM appropriate for the exact type of DDR in it.

About the Author:

Haitham Hammad is a subject expert and analyst for different kinds of system memory like kingston memory. For all your system memory requirements, Memory Unlimited offers Kingston computer laptop memory, that supports all types of portable devices and computing systems

Article Source: ArticlesBase.com – Difference between Kingston’s DDR1, DDR2 and DDR3 RAM

upgrading my PC What would you suggest?

my mobo suggestions pls specifications Processor / Socket: 939 with AMD Athlon 64 X2 (up 4800 +) and Sempron (up to 3200 +) processors System Bus 2000 MegaTransfers / second or 1600 MegaTransfers / second depending on the processor Chipset Northbridge: ATI RS482 Southbridge: ATI SB400 BIOS The BIOS provides "Plug & Play" BIOS which detects the peripheral devices and expansion cards of the board The motherboard automatically provides a Desktop Management Interface (DMI) function which records the specifications of the motherboard supports booting from LAN, USB Device 1.1 & 2.0 and SATA HDD Form Factor Micro-ATX: 24.4cm x 24.4cm Memory Four 184-pin DDR DIMM Supports dual channel, eight memory banks DDR 333/400 DDR DIMMs Supports 2.5v DDR SDRAM DIMM CPU AMD Athlon 64 3200 +

theres still a lot of potential left in this PC, so you can easily upgrade to a PC with a maximum acceptable to date specifications starting with the dual core processor is the way to go if an AMD Athlon 64 X2 Dual Core 4200 + (Socket 939) (http://www.overclockers.co.uk/showproduct.php?prodid = CP-183-AM & groupid = 701 & catid = 6 & subcat = 567) would be an ideal replacement for your 3200 +, lots of power with this processor and dual core capabilities of your memory that supports PC3200 (400MHz) DDR RAM, but it is not too bad, and you can get 1GB modules for almost anything, the Crucial 1GB DDR PC3200 CAS3 (http://www.overclockers.co.uk/showproduct.php?prodid=MY-030-CR&groupid=701&catid=8&subcat=145) is an ideal upgrade, 2 of them will be less than 80 pounds and 2 GB is more than enough for any user, even in Vista Note: You may need to flash (update) your BIOS during installation a new dual core processor check if your website for the motherboard info, finally, if you have a PCI-Express slot of your PC a new graphics card improve performance throughout your PC, and the new 8500 series of NVIDIA cards starts at about 60 pounds .. take a look … http://www.overclockers.co.uk/productlist.php?groupid=701&catid=56&subid=912 any problems or advice let me know good luck mate!

256mb 32×64 400MHz DDR SDRAM PC3200 184p DIMM 2.5v CL=3 $10.00

KIngston 1GB PC2100 Unbuffered ECC DDR SDRAM DIMM KVR266X72C25/1G $25.99

HP 1GB DDR SDRAM 266MHZ DDR266 PC2100 ECC DDR SDRAM 184PIN 287497-B21 $25.30

HP 1GB DDR SDRAM (1 X 1GB) 266MHZ DDR266 PC2100 ECC DDR SDRAM 184PIN 272934-001 $23.02

2 X 512MB PC2100 DDR SDRAM 512 MB 266 MHZ 1GB PC MEMORY $16.99

1GB 2x 512MB PC2100 PC2700 DELL CERTIFIED DDR SODIMM SDRAM LAPTOP MEMORY MODULE $45.99

1GB 2x 512MB PC2100 PC2700 DDR LAPTOP SODIMM SDRAM HYNIX ! ! $41.99

1GB 2x 512MB PC2100 DDR LAPTOP SODIMM SDRAM INFINEON ! ! $41.99

1GB 2x 512MB PC2100 DDR SODIMM SDRAM HYPER-SPEED LAPTOP MEMORY SAMSUNG A++ $41.99

1GB PC2100 PC2700 DDR LAPTOP SODIMM SDRAM CENTON $39.99

Infineon 1GB (4×256MB) SDRAM PC2100U DDR, 133MHz, CL2, ECC $6.99

The DDR SDRAM is an improved version of the old school of SD-RAM. Known as double data rate synchronous dynamic memory access randomness of this chip has a bandwidth much more to offer its users. The only thing that makes this different memory integrated circuit is that is unlike other circuits, it transfers data on both rising and falling edges of clock signal. This which makes DDR Ram very effective because it gives you twice the speed while maintaining the same frequency on the bus in front.

The DDR memory chips that are available on the market have no architectural differences in For clock frequencies which they were designed. The number recorded on the chip is an indication of the speed at which the device will be performing. Underclocking is the phenomenon of making your chip runs at a speed below that which was specified. Overclocking is the exact opposite this phenomenon. The fans however, should not experiment with their memory chips this way because it may lead to damage.

You find some new chipsets make use of dual-channel configurations and ATV. This is done in order to increase bandwidth. To reap the maximum benefits a dual channel configuration, you should use a pair of matching memory modules.

Internet offers a unique opportunity to examine for the DDR memory chips for your desktop. Some computer games memory chips Available online are the following:

INDUSTRY STANDARD 1GB PC2100 266MHZ NON-ECC DDR SDRAM

This is a super high quality chipset 1GB for your desktop. It comes with a pin 184 and the dual configuration of the line memory module. It is as trails and a loop or phase lock which helps the driver to reduce the clock loading. The chipset input commands on each positive CK edge. The chipset can perform simultaneous operations with ease due to the four internal clock inputs. It also comes with a preload option of automobiles and auto refresh and self refresh modes. You will be able to get their hands on this chipset for only 45 $.

INDUSTRY STANDARD 512MB PC2100 266MHZ NON-ECC DDR SDRAM

If you are looking for something with a small memory capacity, you can get the model mentioned above for only $ 25. This is a special 512 chipset which has a non-ECC optimized pin. It includes in the memory module with double row of gold leads. The four internal banks allow the chipset to conduct simultaneous operations. It has all standard features of the series and is ideal if you are looking for a 512 MB chip.

INDUSTRY STANDARD 256MB PC2100 266MHZ NON-ECC DDR SDRAM

If you want something even lower than the 512 then you have this particular chipset 256MB giving you the performance even optimal. This chipset quick help give a boost to your PC and you can get your hands on it for only $ 19.

About the Author:

Barclay Benson is an expert author who loves to write on various topics. He writes interesting and informative articles that makes readers know more about the things. To know more about Memory Upgrade, DDR Memory, Laptop Memory and Computer Memory please visit the website.

Article Source: ArticlesBase.com – Understanding and Buying Ddr Memory

Is it okay to upgrade my desktop?

I want to update my office. My current office is really old and slow …. the current specification is CPU: Celeron D 352 Motherboard: Intel D101GGC RAM: 512 MB DDR. I want to buy new CPU and RAM to add in my office i want to get cpu is as follows: Intel E7500 My question is that the more RAM should I get? Is 1GB of DDR RAM enough? (I'll also update the protocol Optional Windows 7 (x86)) is DDR type should I expect? I know that my motherboard supportsDDR 400 / 333 SDRAM, but when I looked up online, are PC2100 DDR PC2700 DDR PC3200 DDR, etc.. Thank you very much! Never mind, just realized that pcXXXX corresponds w / the 400/333 MHz … my Queston is that the amount of memory I need to get? Or is my update a waste of money? thank you very much! is 2 GB of RAM DDR1 gonna be okey w / Intel E7500? I will not change my motherboard … i kinda over my budget

I recommend a complete change of the motherboard, processor and RAM. Buying a DDR RAM Now insane, since you can get a DDR3 memory to a cheaper fare. But for DDR3, you must change the motherboard, but his wisdom on how, if you want your computer to run smoothly for 4-5 years older, and even help in games. I would not go for that processor, the 120 $ For what you can get a much better processor. Recommendation: AMD Athlon X4 620 2.6 GHz for $ 99 —> Its a quad core processor and performs equivalent to Core2Quad expensive http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16819103706&cm_re=AMD_Athlon_X4_620-_-19-103-706-_-Product Intel ASRock M3A770DE mother for $ 62 —> Supports DDR3 RAM http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16813157176&Tpk=M3A770DE 2Gb DDR3 1600MHz RAM for $ 58 —> 7 requires Windows atleast 2GB to run properly http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16820148310&cm_re=2GB_DDR3_1600-_-20-148-310-_-Product ATi Radeon HD 4670 DDR3 Map Graphics for $ 45 —-> This is the best budget card in the world, which will thrash any game in the world in mid MAX and price less. Http: / / www.newegg.com / Product / Product.aspx? Item = N82E16814121329 & cm_re = hd_4670-_-14-121-329-_-Product I hope you get your machine updated soon. Graphics card is optional if you do not want the game function. One thing should run your computer for the next 4-5 years without any problems or delays as you have a Quad! By adding just what Intel and the habit of adding extra RAM makes your computer better, and you would update soon. RAM DDR is outdated.

2GB (2X1GB) DDR SDRAM PC2700 333MHZ ECC HP / COMPAQ 361038-B21 $60.45

2 X 512MB PC2700 DDR SDRAM 512 MB 333 MHZ 1GB PC MEMORY $16.99

SODIMM 1GB PC2700 1G DDR SDRAM 333MHZ 200pin LAPTOP RAM $26.96

Crucial 1GB DDR SDRAM PC2700 333Mhz Memory Module 184-pin DDR DIMM CT12864Z335 $49.23

BUY DDR SDRAM 333MHZ RAM DESKTOP MEMORY DDR 1GB LONG DIMM PC2700 PIN184 $21.99

Kingston DDR333 1GB Original Memory DDR 333 MHz CL2.5 SDRAM – KVR333X64SC25/1G $39.99

Crucial and Apacer Memory 512Mb 333Mhz PC2700 DDR SDRAM 1Gb (2X512Mb) $6.00

1GB DDR SDRAM PC2700 PC 2700 333 Mhz 1 GB 2X 512MB KIT $20.93

CRUCIAL 2GB 2X1GB DDR PC2700 RAM CT2KIT12864Z335 333MHz SDRAM Memory 184-pin New $77.36

2GB (2 x 1GB) DDR PC2700 SODIMM Laptop Memory RAM SDRAM Upgrade 1 GB 333 MHz $53.99

how to run Vista on this computer?

Intel P4 3.2GHz CPU 1GB PC2700/333MHz DDR SDRAM (Dual Channel Capable) – 4 DIMMs, 4GB max. 80GB Hard SATA Hard Drive CDRW / DVD Combo Drive 1.44MB Floppy 96MB Integrated Video Integrated Audio with Line In / Out / Mic Integrated NIC 1 AGP & 4 Slots PCI 2-port PS / 2 Ports 8 USB ports (2 front) 1 serial port 1 parallel port Standard 15-pin VGA port Power Cord

I would add at least another 1 GB of memory. For a total of 2 GB. * But the best way to go … would add 2 GB of memory for a total of 3GB. The limit Vista Home Basic or Premium to recognize this facility. Since you have 4 slots 1 GB + 1 GB + 500 MB + 500 MB They must be both. As for the … Graphics … I would add a better video card. But you'd be OK if you are not using the aero-or-Gaming Heavy. Good Luck. I Recommend to all … "Builds" … who use .. Vista Home Primium … 2.3 GHz AMD Athlon 64 X2 4400 + (or better) 3072MB PC2-5300 DDR2 500 GB SATA Disk Drive, 7200 rpm SuperMulti DVD burner with double layer capacity of 15-in-1 memory card reader a good graphics card (optional)

Mixing two rams Different?

Hello, I have a question .. I want to buy an additional 1 GB of PC2700 RAM on my computer. Currently on my computer, I have a 1GB Kingston PC2700 DDR SDRAM. I plan to buy a 1GB RAM DDR PC2700 Corsair. The only thing that me prevented from doing so is that I am not sure if it is bad RAM mix. Some specifications of my computer (it is old, bear with me) – DFI Lanparty UT NF3-250GB – 1GB RAM – AMD Athlon 3200 + – 2.2 GHz – 160GB Hard Drive

I'm pretty sure you will not have problems, but if I can go ahead and try to get a stick of identical RAM. But as the speed is the same you should be good, even if the brand and models are different. But here's why I think it is better to get the exact same ram. Ram has some something called a CAS latency is the speed of access or how fast the RAM meets. The more the better case. And RAM will be very different probably different cases which means that access will be off by a little. But I do not think it'll affect anything. Anyways adding another stick of RAM is an excellent idea especially if you can run dual channel mode. (If your motherboard has 3 RAM banks install the 2 sticks in those with the same coloring). Have not you double the amount of space for your CPU to work with dual channel you can double the data can be sent. : D Good luck with your RAM though.

CHEAP!!! Infineon 1Gb (2×512mb) DDR 333 CL2.5 PC2700U 64Mx64 SDRAM $10.00

2GB (2X1GB) DDR SDRAM PC2700 333MHZ ECC HP / COMPAQ 361038-B21 $60.45

2 X 512MB PC2700 DDR SDRAM 512 MB 333 MHZ 1GB PC MEMORY $16.99

Infineon 1 GB (2 X 512MB) DDR PC2700 333 CL2.5 SDRAM ECC 184 Desktop PC Memory $14.97

Dell HP IBM 2×512MB 1GB DDR PC2700 SDRAM Memory DDR-333 $49.99

(1GB x 2GB avail) Kingston ValueRAM 1GB 184-Pin DDR SDRAM DDR 333 (PC 2700) $15.00

1GB 2x 512MB PC2100 PC2700 DELL CERTIFIED DDR SODIMM SDRAM LAPTOP MEMORY MODULE $45.99

1GB 2x 512MB PC2100 PC2700 DDR LAPTOP SODIMM SDRAM HYNIX ! ! $41.99

1GB PC2100 PC2700 DDR LAPTOP SODIMM SDRAM CENTON $39.99

SODIMM 1GB PC2700 1G DDR SDRAM 333MHZ 200pin LAPTOP RAM $26.96

1GB 2x 512MB PC2100 PC2700 DDR LAPTOP SODIMM SDRAM NANYA A++ $41.98

1GB 2x 512MB PC2100 PC2700 DDR LAPTOP SODIMM SDRAM HYNIX ! ! $41.98

Crucial 1GB DDR SDRAM PC2700 333Mhz Memory Module 184-pin DDR DIMM CT12864Z335 $49.23

BUY DDR SDRAM 333MHZ RAM DESKTOP MEMORY DDR 1GB LONG DIMM PC2700 PIN184 $21.99

Kingston KTH-ZD7000/1G 1GB DDR333 PC2700 SDRAM 200-pin $46.00

1GB 2x 512MB PC2100 PC2700 DDR SDRAM SODIMM MICRON CRUCIAL ! ! $41.98

1GB 2x 512MB PC2100 PC2700 DDR SDRAM SODIMM LAPTOP MEMORY ELPIDA JAPAN ! $41.99

1GB 2x 512 PC2100 PC2700 DDR SDRAM SODIMM LAPTOP MEMORY HYNIX $41.99

1GB 2x 512MB PC2100 PC2700 DDR SDRAM SODIMM DELL SERTIFIED LAPTOP MEMORY $44.99

1GB PC2100 PC2700 DDR SDRAM SODIMM ENHANCED LAPTOP MEMORY VIKING ! $35.99

Micron 1GB DDR3 SDRAM SODIMM Memory module $9.99

Patriot Memory Signature 1GB DDR SDRAM Memory Module $27.12

OCZ Technology Gold 1GB DDR3 SDRAM Memory Module USED $19.99

Lenovo 55Y3706 1GB DDR3 SDRAM Memory Module $59.90

NEW Lenovo 1GB DDR2 SDRAM Memory Module 40Y7734 $39.54

NEW HP 1GB DDR3 SDRAM Memory Module AT911UT#ABA $15.24

NEW HP 1GB DDR2 SDRAM Memory Module 450259-S21 $44.99

NEW HP 1GB DDR2 SDRAM Memory Module 432804-B21 $102.24

ACP AA400D2N3-1G 1 GB DDR2 SDRAM Memory Module – 240-pin DIMM – 1.8V DC – CL3 $11.65

HP 376638-B21 1 GB Memory Module for ProLiant DL385 Series – ECC – DDR SDRAM - $32.32

RAM is enough? Much depends on your operating system you run and what you plan to do with the computer. A computer running Windows 98 may be fine with 256 MB or 512 MB of RAM, because the operating system and programs that run on it are less complex. However, a Windows XP is less functional with 512 MB of RAM and really needs a gigabyte of memory for smooth operation.

Windows Vista recommends 1 GB of memory to access the higher end functions, but if you do something memory intensive with a computer has Windows Vista, such as games or photoshop, 1. 5 GB or 2 GB or more of memory is a good idea.

Memory RAM HP is housed in chips or integrated circuits (ICs) that are either welded or mounted on the motherboard of the computer. It are usually a few types of RAM. The two most common types of RAM are DRAM and SRAM. DRAM or Dynamic RAM, is the slower of the two. Because DRAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second or wise, it loses its content.

SRAM, or static RAM, however, need not be refreshed like DRAM. This gives access times faster SRAM (the time it takes to find and read a memory unit). Access Time Sram is only about 10 nanoseconds (or 10 billionths of a second) over the access time of DRAM 60 nanoseconds. As such, the SRAM is more than the DRAMs and therefore it is also more expansive.

In addition to DRAM, SRAM, VRAM and WRAM are also quite common. Video RAM or VRAM, is used mainly for monitors or display devices. VRAM stores the contents or what is to be displayed on the screen while at the same time to update continuously.

This makes it more effective compared to having the use of conventional video display RAM instead. WRAM Windows or ram, is an advancement in VRAM. It works like computers vram but it is more efficient and faster as VRAM and is used for performance optimal in the basic window.

RAM memory is currently The most common type of upgrading computer memory for new systems, including desktops, laptops and Apple Mac machines. We stock DDR2 RAM memory modules from leading companies like A-Data, OCZ, G. Competence, geil, team, transcend, Aeneon and much more.

Kits DDR2 Laptop RAM available with capacities of 512 MB to 16GB and speeds of 533 MHz to 1300MHz. The majority of our modules memory for PCs are available as single RAM chips, dual channel RAM kits, and quad channel kits.

href = "http://laptop-worlds.com/ddr2-memory"> Upgrades DDR2 memory operating at low voltages, typically starting from 1. 8v which means they consume less power and generate less heat compared to other notebook memory upgrades. CAS latency for DDR2 memory ranges from RAM at CL3 with CL6 CL4 latency being the most popular for high performance gaming systems and overclocking.

Laptop ram memory is that DDR can carry double the amount of data it reads using both rising and falling edges of clock signal. Sdram covers only information on the rise of a signal. Basically, this allows the DDR module to transfer data twice as fast as SDRAM. For example, instead of a data rate of 133MHz, DDR memory transfers data at 266MHz. Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM gives you twice the bandwidth of standard SDRAM.

About the Author:

I make the source of this article because I want to help provide additional information about the laptop.
You can also visit my site at http://laptop-worlds.com.

Article Source: ArticlesBase.com – Things You Should Know About Ram Memory

What Max Component Density mean?

This is the crucial website, which does component density max mean? I want to add an extra GB of RAM from play.com, but I do not know if it is high density or not http://www.play.com/PC/PCs/-/704/911/-/3317197/PNY -1GB-PC3200-400MHz-DDR-DIMM-184pin -Computer-Memory/Product.html? searchtype = genre or chipset http://www.play.com/PC/PCs/-/704/911/-/931233/Computer-Memory-1GB-PC3200-DDR-400Mhz-184pin-DIMM/Product.html? searchtype = genre: Intel 845GV Max Unbuffered DDR SDRAM: 2048MB DRAM Types: DDR SDRAM only 184-pin DIMM Banking: 2 (2 banks of 1) Module Types Supported: Unbuffered only error detection Support: Non-ECC only Graphics Support: AGP 4x Max Component Density: 512Mb USB Support: 2.x Compliant

Well, it's more memory than your card mother will recognize each stick of RAM. The highest ever is 16GB per stick. Obviously people will be able to offer DDR2 version, if they can afford it at all.

How much can my Rig run Crysis?

My computer spec are: ATI HD4870 1GB Intel ® Core ™ i7-920 (2.66GHz) 3GB DDR-3 SDRAM Windows Vista ® Home Premium (32 bit) How can I expect to run on Crysis and what settings should I use for quality and also maximuim smooth gameplay. Thank you in advance.

ur system seems solid enough, but I suggest using your computer through http://www.systemrequirementslab.com/referrer/srtest are the specs on my laptop and it works with max settings smoothly

2 GB – DDR3 ECC PC8500 1066MHz SDRAM ECC for Mac Pro $20.00

1GB (2x 512) PC3200 DDR-400MHz SDRAM 184-pin | iMac G5 | Apple PC Mac $16.99

3 Each 1GB SDRAM DDR3 (total 3 GB) – Micron – Came out of Mac Pro $25.00

1GB SAMSUNG DDR3 1333 PC3-10600 SDRAM SO-DIMM PC MAC LAPTOP NOTEBOOK MEMORY 204 $9.00

Apple Mac Pro Memory 1GB 1Rx8 PC3-10600E 1333MHz DDR3 REG SDRAM $0.99

EDGE Tech Apple Mac 8GB DDR2 SDRAM, ECC, FB, 240pin New $261.99

Crucial Apple Mac Pro 8GB DDR2 SDRAM, FB, ECC, 240 pin $317.99

8GB 1333MHz DDR3 SDRAM 2×4GB Memory for APPLE Mac mini 2.0GHz quad-core Core i7 $45.80

Kingston Technology KTA-MP1333/2G 2 GB DDR3 SDRAM RAM Module for _____ Mac Pro $15.33

Kingston 4 GB DDR3 1066 MHz SDRAM SoDIMM KTA-MB1066/4G for Laptop Notebook Mac $54.25

Apple Mac Mini?

Mac Mini 1.25 GHz processor 1 GB DDR SDRAM 40 GB HD Mac OSX 10.4.9 (Tiger) Is it enough to do most tasks? Then I put to newer OS? And then I increase the memory and HD in the Mini?

Certainly enough to do most tasks. I run Photoshop on a Mini has only 512 RAM, and it does fine. You can certainly upgrade to Leopard – no problem. Upgrading memory and HD … Yeah, it's possible. But the Mini is a bit .. open yourself to the brim. I had one for about four years – never had a problem.

Mac OS X 10.4.9 “Tiger” on Windows Vista